The ethanol costs reported are therefore much greater than would be achieved in an optimized system. more » Instead it was configured to include a large number of processing steps, not all of which would be included in the same plant, in order to provide a basis for the coding of a simulation program.
The system described in the report was not optimized. Elimination of the lignin solvent extraction step and the prefermentation sugar concentration steps are recommended to reduce both the capital investment and energy usage of the plant. The prime costs are heat generation, pretreatment, and hydrolysis. Capital and operating costs estimates are developed for the plant, and the total plant cost is estimated to be $236 million. The unreacted solids and various waste streams are either burned or sent to the waste pond.
The ethanol is recovered by a distillation process, and the carbon dioxide is cleaned and liquified. The sugar solution from the prehydrolysis and hydrolysis sections is neutralized and fermented to carbon dioxide and ethanol in a train of continuous fermenters. The crystalline cellulose is hydrolyzed in the hydrolysis reactor. In the pretreatment section, the raw corn stover undergoes steam explosion, the lignin is extracted by ethanol extraction, and the amorphous five- and six-carbon sugars removed in prehydrolysis. The process can be divided into six sections: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, purification, carbon dioxide recovery, and heat generation and waste treatment.
#315130 PSI TO ATM FULL#
Symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length,Īrea, mass, pressure, and other types.This report presents a flow sheet for a cellulose-to-ethanol plant utilizing high-temperature dilute acid hydrolysis. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as wellĪs English units, currency, and other data. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is around 14.7 psi, this will be added to any pressure reading made in air at sea level.Ĭonversion calculator for all types of measurement units.
Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) is used to make it clear that the pressure is relative to a vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar). Psia to atm, or enter any two units below: Enter two units to convert From: You can do the reverse unit conversion from
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